Race, Class, Gender Free Essays

string(70) initial phase in annulling subjugation by the African American population. Danielle Karkkainen Prof. Shaleen Seward SOC. 301, Race/Class/Gender Writing Assignment December 4, 2012 â€Å"I am an American,† says more than 308,745,538 individuals in the United States this year (â€Å"2010 Census Data. We will compose a custom paper test on Race, Class, Gender or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now â€Å") These individuals start from all over; America is a â€Å"melting pot† of culture, and that can tragically make social disparities emerge through the Matrix of Domination, a hypothesis that reflects the intersectionality of race, class, and sex, as coauthor of Race, Class, Gender, an Anthology Patricia Hill Collins claims (Andersen, and Collins xi-xiii. These two terms offer name to the typical wonders of race, class, and sexual orientation work inside an arrangement of social connections. The comprehension of individuals from different societies has developed from various perspectives over the historical backdrop of the United States. America is beginning to understand that the ethnocentric, or deciding of others culture through the estimations of their own, is not, at this point an adequate method to move toward others. There is as yet far to go to all the more solidly build up a nation with a general valuation for assorted variety and comprehensive idea. Information is the force that will keep populaces in tranquil, social mindfulness and amicable uniformity. Anderson and Collins share numerous perspectives on American life and ethical quality through the diverse social points of view of its residents (and noncitizens. ) These articles demonstrate that race, class, and sexual orientation all play isolated, unique jobs in the interrelated birthplaces of segregation. In the article, The Culture of Black Femininity and School Success, the acknowledgment that dark ladies have verifiably been raised to intentionally be all the more forcefully resolved to prevail as they had minimal measure of intensity in the training framework. The contention between youthful, dark females and school authorities generally wound up in a positive social change in light of the fact that the understanding that their race, class, and sexual orientation is continually stuck facing them (Lewis, Mueller, and et al 187-193. ) In our male centric culture, ladies need power. Notwithstanding that, these ladies are African American, which makes more issues in battling against segregation from the individuals who have more force, for example, a possible manager. Talking about business, dark ladies in America for the most part originate from a lower-class foundation, which neutralizes them in picking up capacity to change their status throughout everyday life. The individuals with influence in America are commonly the ones who don’t have issues getting riches or status. This social build has sustained numerous hundreds of years, and today, it is seen most obviously by the white, taught guys who are instructed to turn into those with the force, that is, the cushy managers and representatives. On the other side of this case, minorities are taught in specialized schools frequently, those with industrial or lower status occupations. For this, America has embraced laws like Affirmative Action as a defensive measure to wipe out segregation issues in the work environment. A few people think this law is pointless as â€Å"America implies fairness for all† be that as it may, this visually challenged approach keeps those with the white benefit in obliviousness (Gallagher 91-95. ) Inclusive reasoning is fundamental since early on to make an all the more tolerating air and society inside the United States. To show these ideas, the concealed plan started from little child age on, which keeps the frail under the thumb of the ground-breaking must be disposed of. Understanding and tolerating contrasts will be the least demanding and generally significant, enduring approach to help the situation of the frail, I. . the minorities of America. Just when an equivalent level of minorities and Caucasian individuals get degrees and adequate pay will equity be an unmistakable chance. American instructive offices have embraced the â€Å"Black History Month† as a good example for consideration, in any case, why a solitary minority of a populace have a solit ary month of history made whatever appears to be an appeasement of the absence of acknowledgment of the significance of African Americans in America since the country’s birth. The concealed educational program keeps social developments of separation alive in our schools. We have far to go, as writer Jeanne Theoharis demonstrates in her article, â€Å"I Hate It When People Treat Me Like a Fxxx-up† the understudies of shading in one school (also, accepted in different schools) got inconsistent treatment, administrations, and materials since school authorities accepted the understudies couldn't have cared less about their instruction. In any case, the minority understudies kept a diary of how significant their instruction was and the resilience of the out of line treatment toward the minorities was uncovered and revised (Theoharis 409. The possibility that minorities, especially African American, couldn't care less about their training or are a â€Å"problem population† due to their race, and the normal inconveniences that join that is crude. From the times of Harriet Tubman and subjection, to the ground-breaking goals of Rosa Parks, to the amazing social equality acts in the 1960’s, to the most affluent lady in America being Africa n American, individuals of color have changed their face and the essence of our history all through time. African Americans have a sort of twofold awareness made by society. The larger part (white individuals,) have made a conviction shared among a significant part of the dark populace on a level. This point of view is that of an acknowledgment of an optional race and not as commendable as Caucasians. The other point of view that might be what controls the youthful, dark female specifically as previously mentioned is that of solidarity and confidence. The African American people group has consistently had a solid association with each other, yet rejected from the standard of America. In the times of subjugation, the seeds of this twofold cognizance were planted in the African American culture. After paddling on packed boats, sick with plague, and perniciously beaten by the white man, Blacks started to consider themselves to be white individuals did-property. This was the absolute bottom in African American history, and many individuals of color rose as a sort of â€Å"Over-Man† so as to spare their people’s culture and lives. Harriet Tubman spared several diverse African Americans from bondage by concealing them in an underground passage to the more free North, which was the initial phase in annulling servitude by the African American populace. You read Race, Class, Gender in classification Papers Numerous years after subjugation of African Americans finished, Jim Crow laws despite everything isolated the minority bunch from the remainder of society. Jim Crow laws were not really legitimate, nor composed, however they were inferred, and unequivocally implemented. These laws got the less ground-breaking African Americans far from and in support of white Americans. In the 1940’s and 1950’s, America’s rule that everyone must follow was â€Å"Separate however Equal,† importance there were independent regions for offices, separate lines for tickets, confined seating, and so on. This was further clear through the absence of legitimate instruction for African Americans. In the event that Jim Crow laws were broken, African Americans were seriously rebuffed. This could have mean abhor beatings, lynching, or detainment. Portrayal of African Americans was completely missing and causing a rising pressure between the matching African Americans and white Americans. With rising viciousness and hostility, pioneers, for example, Malcolm X and Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. emerged with two separate sorts of activity calls for African Americans. Muslim extremist Malcolm X proposed movement at any expense. Connected with the Black Panthers, a lower-class dark dissident gathering, brutality was empowered if harmony didn't receive benefit and cost this pioneer his life. This caused numerous uproars, bringing about police severity and separation towards ethnic minorities. The Hammurabi-like code â€Å"an eye for an eye† approach doesn't work while endeavoring for comprehension and acknowledgment. For this, Martin Luther King proposed an answer for the racial separation to end. This was to keep a consistent, quiet head and continue with total goals to positive social change and tranquil revolting. This methodology appeared to work better, albeit just with complete assurance and restraint. After numerous walks, fights, and trades, just as Dr. King’s death, the intensity of dark Americans was beginning to be perceived by the world. The Equal Employment Opportunity Committee was made in 1967 to help minorities get the occupations they merit, exploring and shielding candidates from boss separation. This made more than 4,000 wounds in following uproars and a resuscitated source of inspiration for equivalent treatment of minorities (â€Å"Jackson Sun. ) This was the consequence of one more endeavor at fairness for every single American resident. In any case, this endeavor united with the Affirmative Action law President John F. Kennedy made so as to stop bigotry seeping into the work world. Giving dark Americans more force, the social class of African Americans rose for 10 years before hitting a knock in the movement of African American recorded course of events when rocks h it the boulevards alongside the flood of HIV/AIDS. African Americans were among the hardest hit by these two pandemics. Cutting African American ethical quality down, and corrupting back to the destitution way of life, packs blasted, making a nuclear family and wellspring of salary for some urban African Americans. In the 1990’s, group viciousness soar. In direct restriction, so policed ruthlessness, especially of African Americans. The lessons of group individuals became exponentially through the incredible expressions of American r

The Arab Spring Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Arab Spring - Research Paper Example The Arab Spring appeared as a reaction to the absence of political opportunity in the different nations where it has happened. From the start, they were serene fights some of which became furnished battles whose point was to topple the totalitarian systems controlling over these nations. As indicated by Ben-Meir , the resistance to such governments was because of the way that as opposed to mulling over the calls of their kin to permit them opportunity that is increasingly political. These absolutist systems reacted with brutality against tranquil dissenters, a move that may have been prodded by their origination that their power was being compromised and that there was a requirement for them to recover such authority by utilizing animal power. The utilization of power against unarmed regular citizens prompted the ruining of the authenticity of such governments and requires the venturing down of these pioneers were produced using numerous universal associations and governments. Beside s, in cases, for example, Libya and Syria, the quiet fights abruptly became furious equipped uprisings against the administration that assaulted the unarmed civilians.Jones states that dissenters in the Arab Spring utilized present day innovation, for example, informal communities so as to compose dissents just as making individuals outside their nations mindful of what was truly going on in view of the media power outage that had been made by the absolutist systems. A significant number of these systems had prohibited and keep on forbidding universal writers from approaching.

Blog Archive MBA Mission Interviews Author of Ahead of the Curve Two Years at Harvard Business School

Blog Archive MBA Mission Interviews Author of Ahead of the Curve Two Years at Harvard Business School Earlier this year, Philip Delves Broughton, an HBS graduate (’06) and former New York and Paris Bureau Chief for the Daily Telegraph (London), caused a stir when he released a book detailing his experiences at HBS. In “Ahead of the Curve” Delves Broughton revealed both positive and negative sides of his experience at HBS, but drew attention because so many considered this to be a broad representative experience. Recently, we interviewed Delves Broughton to better understand his intentions and motivations as well as others’ reactions to his book. The first part of our two part series follows below. We will publish the second part tomorrow: PART I MBA Mission: You wrote a great deal at the beginning of your book about how powerful the Harvard Business School (HBS) network is, and now you’ve written a book that has clearly drawn the ire of many an HBS grad. Have you noticed a decrease in invitations to cocktail parties? Delves Broughton: No, no, I’ve never worried about that. I’ve just got my fundraising letter, as usual, so that hasn’t stopped. No, I haven’t heard from anyone who is hostile- but I’ve had a lot of positive reaction, because this is the truth of it…There’s often this gap between what the institution says about itself and what it does and the way it behaves, along with the kind of attention and some of the ambitions of some of the human beings inside them… My book isn’t an anti-business book, it’s [about] how do we make this work for us as people? How do we get away from the kind of rah-rah chest bumping/chest-beating kind of act we’re seeing so much in business? I think it’s alienating for a lot of people, even people who do well… MBA Mission: Did you feel like your experience was shared by many or by few in your class? Delves Broughton: You know it’s my experience, it isn’t anyone else’s, but I think a lot of people see pieces of themselves in it. Not everyone is me that’s fairly obvious. But I think a lot of people see that pressure to conform, it can be oppressive. A lot of people refer to the notion of I’m very lucky, I know this is a great thing to be doing, but yet there’s something that makes me uneasy about all this. I’ve been really surprised at who gets back to me, and it’s not just all the liberal arts majors who like this book. I’ve had emails from Asian women immigrants who end up in business school, who in many ways are classic success stories. They read it and they say, You know what this is resonating with me because parts of pursuing success as defined by Harvard Business School make me feel very uncomfortable…You’ve got to have a sympathy or empathy towards it. MBA Mission: Have you had any positive reaction from within HBS? Delves Broughton: I’ve had emails from a lot of people in my classes. I’ve had email from people at the school, and you know people say the same things. They use the term “brutally honest.” I’m not brutally honest, I just try to be honest, but I think it seems brutal because a lot of people aren’t very honest about this whole business school, the institution. People are kind of afraid to say, “I’m not going to tell the truth or talk about an experience like it isn’t 100% positive.” Of course, the truth is very few experiences are, so why should all business school be 100% positive? My books accentuates that it’s about 75-80% positive and about 5% not so positive… I think that an institution like Harvard Business School. . .essentiality the problem is that people either expect you to be 100% cheerleading for it, saying this place walks on water, or you have to be one of these people who likes kicking it. It’s very hard for people to see you as neither, and that’s what I am.. MBA Mission: Is HBS secure as an institution? Delves Broughton: I think all business schools are insecure about one key question: can business actually be taught? Its not like law or medicine where you need to go to school to succeed. So what is it theyre teaching? Do they have a place on a university campus? The other strange thing about HBS is that it often acts more like a corporation, fiercely protective of its image as if guarding a stock price, and less like an educational establishment, open to criticism and inquiry. Which is probably a sign of some kind of insecurity. MBA Mission: You spend a lot of time discussing work life balance versus the intense demands of corporate America. Is balance an HBS problem or is this a problem of the world as it is today? Would balance issues not occur in any business school? Delves Broughton: To an extent, yeah, and I hope that my book has kind of a broader resonance. I’m trying to describe through my experience. I know these problems exist for a lot of people, you’re right. Here’s the thing. It’s that I think writing about Harvard Business School is so interesting because here you have 900 people who essentially have all the choices in the world….These people in theory could pick and chose the life they want. In many ways they accept the fact that their personal lives are kind of going to have to go to hell… Why do they feel like that? I think that more people should stand up and say that they demand more out of their professional and personal lives. I sort of wish institutions like HBS were more aggressive about this. Share ThisTweet Blogroll News

Critically Assessing Human Factors And The Impacts On...

Introduction â€Å"Risk reduction programmes supported by clinical audit always improve patient care outcomes† is an arguable statement. This report will expand and explore this judgment by critically analysing human factors and the impacts on health care, describing structured approaches to risk management, determining ethical and legal parameters of clinical risk management and analysing and debating the merits and shortfalls of clinical risk reduction strategies. Methods Multiple search engines were used to source credible information for this report, including the AUT Library, Medline and Google Scholar. These databases enabled access to a vast range of journals, articles, publications and e-books. Selections were based predominantly†¦show more content†¦The concept of clinical governance arose in the late 1990’s, following inexcusable incidents of medical malpractice. These incidents were key indicators to health professionals and the public that standards were not being up held and as result patients were being put in undue danger (Stonehouse, 2013). Although these incidents were dealt with accordingly, risks will always remain apparent, thus making clinical governance an issue to be embraced and fully employed by individuals and organisations. The chief components of clinical governance include; clinical risk, policies and procedures, patient information, clinical audit, clinical effectiveness, research and development, complaints , quality improvements, performance monitoring and training and development (Patel, 2010). These elements interlink and strive towards improving overall patient care. Every patient has a right to quality standardised care and it is therefore every member of staff’s responsibility to work towards ensuring continuous provision (Som, 2011). Clinical Audit Clinical auditing is one of the most essential components encompassed under the clinical governance umbrella. It is defined as a quality enhancement process that seeks to improve patient care and outcomes through systemic review critiqued against a specific criteria with allowance for implementation of change (Gillam Siriwardena, 2013). The most commonly utilised audit is the standard based audit. This

The Hemorrage in the Democratic Party - 624 Words

Due to the lack of Congressional response of both Republican and Democrats alike, stagflation and globalization, coupled with the Tech boom and the shipment of manufacturing jobs overseas, aided in the demise of a once robust labor union. Financial deregulation, another nemesis of the labor unions caused major taxpayer losses due to the Federal Reserves fraud and perpetuated greed during the Savings and Loan debacle. This crisis was the result of lax government oversight and a fraudulent ponzi scheme which some would link to the undervalued American dollar. Congressional legislation at this time aimed more for increasing inflation and cutting taxes for the extremely rich than focusing on what should have been the main priority: increasing manufacturing, reducing importation, and labor union employment. Representation in Congress is one of the problems Labor Unions have always faced. They were in need of a political maven with a force to be reckoned with that sometimes have more pull than the pressures of voters. In a Pew study taken a few years ago, they looked at the sources of many reporters who wrote stories about America’s economy. Of course Congressmen were often quoted and were subsequently the go to to get up to date information on passed legislation concerning the economy. The issue with this, Pew found, is that â€Å"representatives of organized labor unions were sources in only 2 percent of all the economy stories studied.† (Drum 2011) â€Å"Congress is completely

Marketing Analysis Sports Marketing Essay - 2388 Words

Executive summary Sports marketing are one of the most vital uses in the field of marketing nowadays. Many companies have a trend to use sports and sports celebrity in developing their marketing campaign because they have the ability to influence others and they already are role models for a wide share of consumers in the marketplace. So, companies benefit from their popularity and reputation for its brand awareness. Especially some companies in the food and beverages industry which are concentrated on the marketing campaign and make a huge number of expenditure and its budget. Pepsi have many product lines, it introduces a product line for soda which includes many versions such as Pepsi, Mirnda, Seven Up, and other version of Mirinda like Orange and Apple. The second product line is related to the juice. The third category is related to Aquafina mineral water. There are width of every line and versions for every product. List of contents Executive summary page 2 Introduction page 4 Case study page 5 The target customer page 6 The unique selling proposition page 6 Sport marketing mix page 8 Pricing strategy page 10 Distribution strategy page 10 Promotion strategy page 10 Product strategy page 11 Conclusion page 12 References page 13 Introduction Pepsi usually use the sports to market its products. The marketing campaign for Pepsi mainly depends on the sportsShow MoreRelatedMarketing Analysis : Pegasus Sports International3010 Words   |  13 PagesInternational. Pegasus Sports International is an all-encompassing skating gear manufacturer with intentions of conducting SkateTours in an attempt to take skaters outside and develop their talents. The main goal when it comes to Pegasus Sports International is to develop market share in the young people market between the ages of 14 to 35. Since skating is currently a thriving sport, with this objective in mind, our company has made the decision of utilizing musical talent as well as sports talent to makeRead MoreNba General Manager Of A Nba Team1206 Words   |  5 Pagesbusiness partnerships or negotiating to build new team facilities. Sports Marketing A sport management degree is like a business degree so it opens up the job variety to jobs like Sports Marketing. A sports marketer can work at the college and professional level doing all things business and advertising for a team or sport organization. Sports marketing follow the four P which are price, product, promotion, and place. Sport marketing controls all parts of the sporting business which are broadcastingRead MoreMarketing And Competitive Analysis Of London Sports Games1490 Words   |  6 Pagesfurther running the economy. As the majority of students do not have a lot of disposable income, the free admission for students will be a huge competitive advantage. SOCIAL: Attending sports games is a very social activity that people tend to do in groups rather than alone, this is very beneficial to our marketing campaign as for every person we market too, a small group finds out about the event. By increasing attendance, we are generating a social hub which will be appealing for people consideringRead MoreThe Worth Of Sport Event Sponsorship A5132 Words   |  21 PagesJournal of Management and Marketing Research The worth of sport event sponsorship: an event study Jin-Woo Kim The University of Texas at Arlington Abstract The authors investigate the relationship between sports-related event sponsorship and stock market valuation and identify factors that influence the financial rewards of sponsorship using World Cup and PGA tour sponsorship data. In particular, relationship between sports sponsorship with financial performance is examined in terms of sponsorshipRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Nikes The Modern Girl Of Sport And Fitness 1604 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Coined the â€Å"Modern Girl of Sport and Fitness,† one of Nike’s increasingly profitable and rapidly growing consumer markets is young adult females who wish to be comfortable and fashionable at both the gym and in their daily lives. This consumer base has also been characterized by the term â€Å"athleisure† – a combination of an athletic look with a comfortable and fashionable feel. This market continues to grow, with approximately â€Å"46 percent of women between the ages of 19 and 34† becomingRead MoreHow Sports Managers Successfully Market Their Organization And / Or A New Product?1457 Words   |  6 PagesHow might sports managers successfully market their organization and/or a new product? Introduction Although marketing is described to involve a variety of activities, such as production, pricing, sales and advertising, the focus of it is to satisfy the needs or desires of consumers without no doubt (Smith and Stewart, 2014). ‘The customer is the alpha and omega of marketing’ (Kahle and Close, 2011, p.2). In other words, the customer is the starting points and ending points of marketing. In turnRead MoreCase Study : Advantage Kayaks : A Marketing Plan1549 Words   |  7 PagesKayaks – A Marketing Plan Assignment Topic: Your task is to prepare information that may be used for a marketing plan. Identify one product / service from your own business or from another business with which you are familiar. Write a report about the selected product / service. In your report you should include: †¢ Current marketing situation with background data on the market, product, competition, and distribution. Keep this discussion brief. †¢ Market analysis through a SWOT analysis. MakeRead MoreCase Study Demographics are very important part in marketing a brand or tournament research.900 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study Demographics are very important part in marketing a brand or tournament research. Demographics involve the study of populations, they represent the influence that these populations have on the market. Understanding and knowing the demographics of the sport of tennis in a particular region, will assist in shaping the marketing plan. Identifying relevant demographics can help James Green in marketing a plan to attract spectators and keep them coming back. Improving and sustaining the popularityRead MoreAnalysis of the Marketing Mix for Gatorade1270 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Analysis of the Marketing Mix for Gatorade Introduction Gatorade is a flagship brand of PepsiCo and has a commanding 75% market share of the sports nutrition beverage marketplace globally, being sold into 80 different countries according to the latest PepsiCo annual report published in late 2011. Gatorades success in branding and product marketing has actually expanded the global market for sports nutrition beverages during the late 1990s and into the 21rst century. Recently however the companyRead MoreMarketing Plan For A Marketing Strategy1241 Words   |  5 Pages1 GoPro SWOT analysis Strengths Strong brand Strong athlete endorsers Viral Marketing Innovation Products Durability Weaknesses Specific products Expensive accessories and products Increased competition No flash Opportunity Global market is increasing Content delivery technologies Media hosting Viral marketing Threats Hardware company competition (Sony) Media company competition (Facebook) Note. The GoPro SWOT assessment of external and internal environmental elements. 5.0 Marketing Strategy and

Body Image of Women Essay Example For Students

Body Image of Women Essay Body Image of WomenEleven million women in the United States suffer from eating disorders- either self-induced semi-starvation (anorexia nervosa) or a cycle of bingeing and purging with laxatives, self-induced vomiting, or excessive exercise (bulimia nervosa) (Dunn, 1992). Many eating disorder specialists agree that chronic dieting is a direct consequence of the social pressure on American females to achieve a nearly impossible thinness. The media has been denounced for upholding and perhaps even creating the emaciated standard of beauty by which females are taught from childhood to judge the worth of their own bodies (Stephens Hill, 1994). To explore the broader context of this controversial issue, this paper draws upon several aspects on how the media influences young womens body image. This paper examines an exploration of the prevalence and the source of body dissatisfaction in American females and considers existing research that presents several important aspects regarding the nature of the connection between advertising and body dissatisfaction. From these distinctions, it will be shown that the media has a large impact on womens body image and that the cultural ideal of a thin body is detrimental to the American females body perception that often results in poor eating pathologies. Body image can be defined as an individuals subjective concept of his or her physical appearance. Body image involves both a perceptual and attitudinal element. The self-perceptual component consists of what an individual sees or thinks in body size, shape, and appearance. A disturbance in the perceptual element of body image is generally reflected in a distorted perception of body size, shape, and appearance. The attitudinal component reflects how we feel about those attributes and how the feelings motivate certain behavior (Shaw Waller, 1995). Disturbances in the attitudinal element usually result in dissatisfaction with body appearance (Monteath McCabe, 1997). Perceptions about body images are shaped from a variety of experiences and begin to develop in early childhood. It has been shown that children learn to favor thin body shapes by the time they enter school (Cohn Adler, 1992). Gustafson, Larsen, and Terry (1992) reported that 60.3 percent of fourth grade girls wanted to be thinner, and the desire for less body fat was significantly associated with an increase occurrence of weight-loss related behaviors. Overall body size and image concerns have been reported to be more prevalent among females than males. Gender related differences in acceptable body size are shaped from a variety of societal definitions of appealing shapes for males and females. Patterns of body dissatisfaction formed in childhood and adolescence persist into adulthood and are most prevalent in females. In their study, Fallon and Rozin (1985) reported that college women perceive their figure to be heavier than the figure they identified as the most attractive to themselves (Lavine, Sweeney, Wagener, 1999). Females experience a large discrepancy with food. On one hand, food is depicted as a reward or indulgence, or as a way of socializing. On the other hand, women are supposed to be fit and thin, which is difficult to accomplish if females indulge in the large repertoire of food (Stuhldreher William, 1999). The diet-obsessive mind of advertising in many womens magazines provides a sharp contrast to the hedonistic view toward food. In several magazines, even the food advertisements focus more on dieting than on quality of food. Thus there are clear and quite strict limits on the degree to which American females may attempt to satisfy their hedonistic impulses toward food (Lennon, Lillethun, Backland, 1999). Societal standards of beauty change dramatically over time. Today the body ideal is to be thin. However, this has not always been the case. .u573e97e3aeec141cb830208ad33bf00f , .u573e97e3aeec141cb830208ad33bf00f .postImageUrl , .u573e97e3aeec141cb830208ad33bf00f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u573e97e3aeec141cb830208ad33bf00f , .u573e97e3aeec141cb830208ad33bf00f:hover , .u573e97e3aeec141cb830208ad33bf00f:visited , .u573e97e3aeec141cb830208ad33bf00f:active { border:0!important; } .u573e97e3aeec141cb830208ad33bf00f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u573e97e3aeec141cb830208ad33bf00f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u573e97e3aeec141cb830208ad33bf00f:active , .u573e97e3aeec141cb830208ad33bf00f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u573e97e3aeec141cb830208ad33bf00f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u573e97e3aeec141cb830208ad33bf00f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u573e97e3aeec141cb830208ad33bf00f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u573e97e3aeec141cb830208ad33bf00f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u573e97e3aeec141cb830208ad33bf00f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u573e97e3aeec141cb830208ad33bf00f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u573e97e3aeec141cb830208ad33bf00f .u573e97e3aeec141cb830208ad33bf00f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u573e97e3aeec141cb830208ad33bf00f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mental Illness Essay In the 19th century large women were thought of as the image of beauty. The body ideal in the 1920s was similar to that of today, which is thin (Brumberg, 1988). However, this look was achieved through the use of clothing styles and fashion. Then in the 1950s, more voluptuous figures were the ideal. Since that time the ideal body shape for women has become more and more slender (Borzekowski, Robinson, Killen, 2000). Unfortunately, for many people the ideal thin body is nearly impossible to achieve. This makes women

Medical Marijuana Essays (2437 words) - Herbalism, Medicinal Plants

Medical Marijuana Medical Marijuana Marijuana prohibition applies to everyone, including the sick and dying. Of all the negative consequences of prohibition, none is as tragic as the denial of medical marijuana to the tens of thousands of seriously ill patients who could benefit from its therapeutic use. It is clear from available studies and rapidly accumulating anecdotal evidence that marijuana is therapeutic in the treatment of a number of serious ailments and is less toxic and costly than many conventional medicines for which it may be substituted.1 Most recently, a federally commissioned report by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) determined that, ?Marijuana's active components are potentially effective in treating pain, nausea, the anorexia of AIDS wasting, and other symptoms? including multiple sclerosis.2 In some cases, marijuana appears more effective than the commercially available drugs it replaces.3 The best established medical use of smoked marijuana is as an anti-nauseant for cancer chemotherapy. During the 1980s, researchers in six different state-sponsored clinical studies involving nearly 1,000 patients determined smoked marijuana to be an effective anti-emetic.4 For many of these patients, smoked marijuana proved more effective than both conventional prescription anti-nauseants and oral THC (marketed today as the synthetic pill, Marinol).5 Dr. John Benson, Jr., co-principle investigator for the latest NAS report, concluded in March 1997 that ?short term marijuana use appears to be suitable in treating conditions like chemotherapy-induced nausea? for patients who do not respond well to other medications.6 Currently, many oncologists are recommending marijuana to their patients despite its prohibition.7 Scientific and anecdotal evidence also suggests that marijuana is a valuable aid in reducing pain and suffering for patients with a variety of other serious ailments. For example, marijuana alleviates the nausea, vomiting, and the loss of appetite experienced by many AIDS patients without accelerating the rate at which HIV positive individuals develop clinical AIDS or other illnesses.8 According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), marijuana ?increase[s] food enjoyment and the number of times individuals eat per day.?9 The most recent NAS report found cannabinoid drugs ?promising for treating wasting syndrome in AIDS patients,?10 and recommended those patients unresponsive to conventional AIDS medications smoke marijuana to combat the wasting syndrome.11 An earlier 1982 report by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) suggested that marijuana reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients suffering from glaucoma, the leading cause of blindness in the United States.12 A follow up 1994 report by the Australian federal government determined that, ?There is reasonable evidence for the potential efficacy of THC in the treatment of glaucoma, especially in cases which have proved resistant to existing anti-glaucoma agents,? and recommended the drug's use under medically supervised conditions.13 Clinical and anecdotal evidence also points to the effectiveness of marijuana as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of a variety of spastic conditions such as multiple sclerosis, paraplegia, epilepsy, and quadriplegia. Animal studies and carefully controlled human studies support marijuana's ability to suppress convulsions. In November 1998, England's House of Lords Science and Technology Committee said they were ?convince[d] ... that cannabis ... certainly does have genuine medical applications ... in treating the painful muscle spasms and other symptoms of MS,? and recommended legalizing medical use of the drug.14 The latest NAS report also noted marijuana seems to alleviate muscle spasms associated with MS.15 Many patients and older Americans use marijuana therapeutically to control chronic pain. NAS researchers found that, ?The available evidence from both animal and human studies indicates that cannabinoids can produce a significant analgesic effect.?16 Several recent scientific studies performed by researchers at the University of San Francisco and elsewhere demonstrate that compounds in marijuana modulate pain signals in much the same way as morphine and other opiates.17 This new research led the Society of Neuroscience to pronounce that, ?Substances similar to or derived from marijuana, known as cannabinoids, could benefit the more than 97 million Americans who experience some form of pain each year.?18 New research indicates that marijuana constituents appear to protect brain cells during a stroke. Researchers at the National Institute for Mental Health called compounds in marijuana potent antioxidants.19 Doctors rely on antioxidants to protect stroke victims from toxic levels of a brain chemical called glutamate. Head trauma and strokes cause

The Battle of Atlanta in the American Civil War

The Battle of Atlanta in the American Civil War The Battle of Atlanta was fought July 22, 1864, during the  American Civil War  (1861-1865) and saw Union forces under Major General William T. Sherman win a near-run victory. The second in a series of battles around the city, the fighting centered on a Confederate attempt to defeat Major General James B. McPhersons Army of the Tennessee east of Atlanta. While the attack did achieve some success, including killing McPherson, it was ultimately repulsed by Union forces. Following the battle, Sherman shifted his efforts to the western side of the city. Strategic Background Late July 1864 found Major General William T. Shermans forces approaching Atlanta. Nearing the city, he pushed  Major General George H. Thomas Army of the Cumberland toward Atlanta from the north, while  Major General John Schofields Army of the Ohio neared from the northeast. His final command, Major General James B. McPhersons Army of the Tennessee, moved towards the city from Decatur in the east. Opposing the Union forces was the Confederate Army of Tennessee which was badly outnumbered and undergoing a change in command. Major General William T. Sherman. Photograph Courtesy of the National Archives Records Administration Throughout the campaign, General Joseph E. Johnston had pursued a defensive approach as his sought to slow Sherman with his smaller army. Though he had been repeatedly flanked out of several positions by Shermans armies, he had also forced his counterpart of fight bloody battles at Resaca and Kennesaw Mountain. Increasingly frustrated by Johnstons passive approach, President Jefferson Davis relieved him on July 17 and gave command of the army to Lieutenant General John Bell Hood. An offensive-minded commander, Hood had served in General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia and had seen action in many of its campaigns including the fighting at Antietam and Gettysburg. At the time of the change in command, Johnston had been planning an attack against Thomas Army of the Cumberland. Due to the imminent nature of the strike, Hood and several other Confederate generals requested that the command change be delayed until after the battle but they were denied by Davis. Lieutenant General John B. Hood. Photograph Courtesy of the National Archives Records Administration Assuming command, Hood elected to move forward with the operation and he struck at Thomas men at the  Battle of Peachtree Creek  on July 20. In heavy fighting, the Union troops mounted a determined defense and turned back Hoods assaults. Though unhappy with the result, it did not deter Hood from remaining on the offensive. Fast Facts: Battle of Atlanta Conflict: Civil War (1861-1865)Dates: July 22, 1863Armies Commanders:United StatesMajor General William T. ShermanMajor General James B. McPhersonapprox. 35,000 menConfederacyGeneral John Bell Hoodapprox. 40,000 menCasualties:United States: 3,641Confederacy: 5,500 A New Plan Receiving reports that McPhersons left flank was exposed, Hood commenced planning an ambitious strike against the Army of the Tennessee. Pulling two of his corps back into Atlantas inner defenses, he ordered Lieutenant General William Hardees corps and  Major General Joseph Wheelers cavalry to move out on the evening of July 21. Hoods attack plan called for the Confederate troops to swing around the Union flank to reach Decatur on July 22. Once in the Union rear, Hardee was to advance west and take McPherson from the rear while Wheeler attacked the Army of the Tennessees wagon trains. This would be supported by a frontal assault on McPhersons army by  Major General Benjamin Cheathams corps. As the Confederate troops began their march, McPhersons men had entrenched along a north-south line east of the city. Union Plans On the morning of July 22, Sherman initially received reports that the Confederates had abandoned the city as Hardees men had been seen on the march. These quickly proved to be false and he resolved to begin cutting the rail links into Atlanta. To accomplish this, he sent orders to McPherson instructing him to send Major General Grenville Dodges XVI Corps back to Decatur to tear up the Georgia Railroad. Having received reports of Confederate activity to the south, McPherson was reluctant to obey these orders and questioned Sherman. Though he believed his subordinate was being overly cautious, Sherman agreed to postpone the mission until 1:00 p.m. Major General James B. McPherson. Photograph Courtesy of the Library of Congress McPherson Killed Around noon, with no enemy attack having materialized, Sherman directed McPherson to send Brigadier General John Fullers division to Decatur while Brigadier General Thomas Sweenys division would be allowed to remain in position on the flank. McPherson drafted the necessary orders for Dodge, but before they were received the sound of firing was heard to the southeast. To the southeast, Hardees men were badly behind schedule due to a late start, poor road conditions, and a lack of guidance from Wheelers cavalrymen. Due to this, Hardee turned north too soon and his lead divisions, under Major Generals William Walker and William Bate, encountered Dodges two divisions which were deployed on an east-west line to cover the Union flank. While Bates advance on the right was hampered by swampy terrain, Walker was killed by a Union sharpshooter as he formed his men. As a result, the Confederate assault in this area lacked cohesion and was turned back by Dodges men. On the Confederate left, Major General Patrick Cleburnes division quickly found a large gap between Dodges right and the left of Major General Francis P. Blairs XVII Corps. Riding south to the sound of the guns, McPherson also entered this gap and encountered the advancing Confederates. Ordered to halt, he was shot and killed while trying to escape (Map). Major General Patrick Cleburne. Photograph Courtesy of the Library of Congress The Union Holds Driving on, Cleburne was able to attack the flank and rear of XVII Corps. These efforts were supported by Brigadier General George Maneys division (Cheathams Division) which assaulted the Union front. These Confederate attacks were not coordinated which allowed the Union troops to repel them in turn by rushing from one side of their entrenchments to the other. After two hours of fighting, Maney and Cleburne finally attacked in conjunction forcing Union forces to fall back. Swinging his left back in an L-shape, Blair centered his defense on Bald Hill which dominated the battlefield. In an effort to aid Confederate efforts against XVI Corps, Hood ordered Cheatham to attack Major General John Logans XV Corps to the north. Sitting astride the Georgia Railroad, XV Corps front was briefly penetrated through an undefended railroad cut. Personally leading the counterattack, Logan soon restored his lines with the aid of artillery fire directed by Sherman. For the remainder of the day, Hardee continued to assault the bald hill with little success. The position soon became known as Leggetts Hill for Brigadier General Mortimer Leggett whose troops held it. Fighting died off after dark though both armies remained in place. To the east, Wheeler succeeded in occupying Decatur but was prevented from getting at McPhersons wagon trains by a skillful delaying action conducted by Colonel John W. Sprague and his brigade. For his actions in saving the wagon trains of the XV, XVI, XVII, and XX Corps, Sprague received the Medal of Honor. With the failure of Hardees assault, Wheelers position in Decatur became untenable and he withdrew to Atlanta that night.   Aftermath The Battle of Atlanta cost Union forces 3,641 casualties while Confederate losses totaled around 5,500. For the second time in two days, Hood had failed to destroy a wing of Shermans command. Though a problem earlier in the campaign, McPhersons cautious nature proved fortuitous as Shermans initial orders would have left the Union flank completely exposed. In the wake of the fighting, Sherman gave command of the Army of the Tennessee to Major General Oliver O. Howard. This greatly angered XX Corps commander Major General Joseph Hooker who felt entitled to the post and blamed Howard for his defeat at the Battle of Chancellorsville. On July 27, Sherman resumed operations against the city by shifting to the west side to cut the Macon Western Railroad. Several additional battles occurred outside of the city before Atlantas fall on September 2.

Juries are fundamental to our adversarial criminal justice process and Essay

Juries are fundamental to our adversarial criminal justice process and the only real guarantee of fairness between the State (as prosecutor) and the Individual - Essay Example In the case of a trial by jury, a decision is rendered by a group of nine individuals who may be drawn from different backgrounds, thereby bringing a depth of understanding of problems that single judges may not possess. According to Janata, â€Å"it is the mix of different persons with different backgrounds and psychological traits in the jury room that produces the desired results.† (Janata, 1976: 595-596). This feature may imbue juries with a greater ability to discern and make accurate determinations about the credibility of witnesses and the validity of arguments being offered, especially in criminal trials, especially because a jury is able to evaluate witnesses, plaintiffs and defendants from their perspective as ordinary citizens. Judges may sometimes get mired in the legal formalities and procedures to such an extent it may impede their intuitive judgments. There is also a greater possibility of bias arising when a single judge makes a decision on a case, particularly when it is a criminal case. In the case of a jury trial, the decision rendered is the cumulative effect of group deliberation, after the input and reflections from the different members comprising the jury are assimilated. Hence, a jury has the advantage of collective recall and weighing up of factors impacting upon a case. Since each fact is explored and discussed in a group, it allows a group scrutiny where bias is more likely to be eliminated than in the case of a single Judge. Jury trials have been advocated as an effective measure to bring justice to citizens, especially in criminal trials where jurors are believed to be better able to make assessments and judgments about character and believability of witnesses. Gastill and Weiser (2006) argue in favor of jury trials on the basis that being a part of a jury can spur greater levels of civil engagement from juror citizens and thereby provide a spur for real, deliberative democracy. While jurors do not make policy decisions, the

Resource Estimates and Budgets Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Resource Estimates and Budgets - Research Paper Example The following discussion will emphasize each activity in terms of its time and cost resources and identify the variances as a result of differences in the baseline and actual performance. Planning Planning activity is the first activity of the project in which 15 days were specified as baseline duration. Due to efficient utilization of time, the project team completed this activity in just 12 days sparing 3 days for the next activity to be commenced. In terms of cost resources, the project team managed to save $4,000 in respect of material cost whereas the company had to pay extra $2,000 for the wages to the labor. Overall, the company performed better and managed to save both time and cost resources. Development This was the biggest activity for the project team in terms of both time and cost resources such that the baseline duration for this activity was kept for 44 days and total cost estimates were reserved for around $55,000. This activity also went successful such that the proj ect team saved 4 days as well as $4,500 on overall basis. Testing After the development, the next activity was the testing of the product which had been developed at the previous stage. Baseline resources for this activity included 10 days of duration and $27,000 in terms of total cost. Since the previous two activities saved around 7 days in total, therefore, the testing activity took more time and underwent with serious stress testing procedures. In this whole practice, the project time consumed around 15 days and spent around $27,000. Overall, the activity could not perform up to the mark in terms of both time and cost estimates. Commercial Viability Testing activity led the project to the commercial viability of the product such that the product was experienced by different types of consumers and analysts to check how the product is perceived. Baseline resources in terms of time and cost were set to be 15 days and $37,000 respectively. The overall activity completed in 13 days s aving 2 more days, but the company had to pay the extra cost $3000 for this activity. Branding The moment commercial viability was affirmed by the project team and it was decided that the product was ready for its commercial production and launch in the market, the branding activity took place such that effective marketing and advertising campaigns were launched by the project team. Around 21 days were kept as the baseline period for the completion of this activity and $20,000 were specified as the cost of this activity. Project team almost completed the activity in 20 days with 1 day to spare but, on the other hand, incurred around $21,500 showing an adverse variance of $1,500. Product Launch Actual product launch was the last activity of this project and only 5 days were specified for the completion of this activity, but the activity actually took around 10 days utilizing the previous 5 slack days. In terms of cost estimates, the activity was assigned around $20,000 on overall bas is. However, the activity underperformed in this activity as well and incurred around $4,000 in excess of the baseline cost of $20,000. Conclusion Overall, the project remained partially successful in achieving its desired results such that time resources have been utilized effectively as the project team managed to

Ap European History Essay Example for Free

Ap European History Essay After reading and studying this chapter, you should be able to discuss the meanings of the term renaissance. You should be able to explain the economic context for the Renaissance, the new status of the artist in Renaissance Italy, and the meanings of the terms humanism, secularism, and individualism as applied by scholars to the Renaissance. Also, you should be able to explain how the Italian Renaissance affected politics, the economy, and society. Finally, be able to elaborate on the evolution of medieval kingdoms into early modern nation-states, and the spread of Renaissance humanism northward. Chapter Outline I. The Evolution of the Italian Renaissance A. Economic Growth as the Basis of the Renaissance 1. Venice, Genoa, and Milan grew rich on commerce between 1050 and 1300. 2. Florence, where the Renaissance originated, was an important banking center by the fourteenth century. B. Communes and Republics 1. In northern Italy the larger cities won independence from local nobles and became self-governing communes of free men in the twelfth century. 2. Local nobles moved into the cities and married into wealthy merchant families. This new class set up property requirements for citizenship. . The excluded, the popolo, rebelled and in some cities set up republics. 5. By 1300 the republics had collapsed, and despots or oligarchies governed most Italian cities. C. The Balance of Power among the Italian City-States 1. City patriotism and constant competition for power among cities prevented political centralization on the Italian peninsula. 2. As cities strove to maintain the balance of power among themselves, they invented the apparatus of modern diplomacy. 3. In 1494 the city of Milan invited intervention by the French King Charles VIII. 4. Italy became a battleground as France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Emperor vied for dominance. 5. In 1527 the forces of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sacked Rome. II. Intellectual Hallmarks of the Renaissance A. Individualism 1. Renaissance writers stressed individual personality, greatness, and achievement, in contrast to the medieval ideal of Christian humility. B. Humanism 1. The revival of antiquity took the form of interest in archaeology, recovery of ancient manuscripts, and study of the Latin classics. 2. The study of the classics became known as the â€Å"new learning,† or humanism. 3. Humanist scholars studied antiquity not so much to find God as to know human nature and understand a different historical context. 4. Humanists derided what they viewed as the debased Latin of the medieval churchmen. C. Secular Spirit 1. The secular way of thinking focuses on the world as experienced rather than on the spiritual and/or eternal. 2. Renaissance thinkers came to see life as an opportunity rather than a painful pilgrimage toward God. 3. Lorenzo Valla argued that sense pleasures were the highest good. 4. Giovanni Boccaccio wrote about an acquisitive, sensual, worldly society. Renaissance popes expended much money on new buildings, a new cathedral (St. Peter’s), and on patronizing artists and men of letters. III. Art and the Artist A. Art and Power 1. In the early Renaissance, corporate groups such as guilds sponsored religious art. 2. By the late fifteenth century individual princes, merchants, and bankers sponsored art to glorify themselves and their families. Their urban palaces were full of expensive furnishings as well as art. 3. Classical themes, individual portraits, and realistic style characterized Renaissance art. 4. Renaissance artists invented perspective and portrayed the human body in a more natural and scientific manner than previous artists did. B. The Status of the Artist 1. Medieval masons were viewed as mechanical workers/artisans. Renaissance artists were seen as intellectual workers. 2. The princes and merchants who patronized artists paid them well. 3. Artists themselves gloried in their achievements. During the Renaissance, the concept of artist as genius was born. 4. Renaissance culture was only the culture of a very wealthy mercantile elite; it did not affect the lives of the urban middle classes or the poor. IV. Social Change A. Education and Political Thought 1. Humanist writers were preoccupied with education for morality and virtue. 2. Baldassare Castiglione’s The Courtier (1528) presented an image of the ideal man as master of dance, music, the arts, warfare, mathematics, and so on. 3. Daughters of the elite received an education similar to sons and a few went on to become renowned painters or scholars. 4. In The Prince (1513), Niccolo Machiavelli argued that politics could not follow simple rules of virtue and morality—that it ought in fact to be studied as a science. B. The Printed Word 1. Around 1455 in the German city of Mainz, Johan Gutenberg and two other men invented the movable type printing press. 2. Methods of paper production had reached Europe in the twelfth century from China through the Near East. 3. Printing made government and Church propaganda much more practical, created an invisible â€Å"public† of readers, and stimulated literacy among laypeople. C. Clocks 1. City people involved in commerce had a need to measure time. 2. By the early fourteenth century mechanical clocks were widespread in Europe. . Mechanical clocks and precise measurement of time contributed to the development of a conception of the universe in measurable, quantitative terms. D. Women and Work 1. Early modern culture identified women with marriage and the domestic virtues. 2. Women were involved with all economic activity connected with the care and nurturing of the family, as well as working outside the home. 3. Women during the Renaissance worked in a variety of businesses—for example, sailmaking—and even in a few isolated cases managed large enterprises. Wealthy women were usually excluded from the public arena and instead managed their households. E. Culture and Sexuality 1. Women’s status in the realm of love, romance, and sex declined during the Renaissance. 2. Writers such as Castiglione created the â€Å"double standard†? women were to be faithful in marriage, while men need not be. 3. Penalties for rape in Renaissance Italy were very light. 4. In spite of statutes against â€Å"sodomy,† generally referring to male homosexuality, Florentine records from the fifteenth century show a lot of homosexual activity going on, usually relations between an adult male and a boy. F. Slavery and Ethnicity 1. In medieval and Renaissance Europe many Slavic, Tartar, Circassian, Greek, and Hungarian slaves were imported. 2. Beginning in the fifteenth century the Portuguese brought many black African slaves into Europe. 3. Within Africa the economic motives of rulers and merchants trumped any cultural/ethnic/racial hostility toward Europeans. They sold fellow Africans into slavery apparently without qualms. 4. Africans did not identify themselves as â€Å"black,† but as members of more than 600 different tribal and ethnic groups. 5. Black slaves were an object of curiosity at European courts. 6. The Renaissance concept of people from sub-Saharan Africa was shaped by Christian symbology of light and darkness? blacks represented the Devil. Race did not emerge as a concept until the late seventeenth century. V. The Renaissance in the North A. Northern Humanists 1. In the late fifteenth century students from northern Europe studied in Italy and brought the Renaissance home. 2. Thomas More (1478–1535) of England argued that reform of social institutions could reduce or eliminate corruption and war. 3. The Dutchman Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536) was an expert in the Bible and Greek language who believed that all Christians should read the Bible. 4. Francois Rabelais (1490–1553) ridiculed established institutions such as the clergy with gross humor in Gargantua. 5. Flemish artists came to rival the Italian Renaissance painters. VI. Politics and the State in the Renaissance (ca 1450–1521) A. Centralization of Power 1. Some scholars have viewed Renaissance kingship as a new form, citing the dependence of the monarch on urban wealth and the ideology of the â€Å"strong king. In France Charles VII (r. 1422–1461) created the first permanent royal army, set up new taxes on salt and land, and allowed increased influence in his bureaucracy from middle-class men. He also asserted his right to appoint bishops in the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. 3. Charles’s son Louis XI (r. 1461–1483) fostered industry from artisans, taxed it, and used the funds to build up his army. He brought much new territory under direct Crown rule. 4. In England Edward IV ended the War of the Roses between rival baronial houses. 5. Henry VII ruled largely without Parliament, using as his advisers men with lower-level gentry origins. 6. Henry’s Court of the Star Chamber tried cases involving aristocrats and did so with methods contradicting common law, such as torture. 7. Although Spain remained a confederation of kingdoms until 1700, the wedding of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon did lead to some centralization. Ferdinand and Isabella stopped violence among the nobles, recruited â€Å"middle-class† advisers onto their royal council, and secured the right to appoint bishops in Spain and in the Spanish empire in America. . Popular anti-Semitism increased in fourteenth-century Spain. In 1478 Ferdinand and Isabella invited the Inquisition into Spain to search out and punish Jewish converts to Christianity who secretly continued Jewish religious practices. 9. To persecute converts, Inquisitors and others formulated a racial theory? that conversos were suspect not because of their beliefs, but because of who they were racially. 10. In 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella expelled the Jews from Spain.

Changing a Lifestyle in Only Six-Weeks :: Health Diet Nutrition Excersize Essays

Changing a Lifestyle in Only Six-Weeks Jennifer is a twenty-year-old college student struggling with body image issues. She is a size eight. She has never developed an interest in athletics and has never exercised in her life. She has no muscle tone and has a high body fat percentage. Jennifer is not confident about her body. She wants to be skinny and is constantly dieting. Instead of eating healthy and balanced meals, she skips meals often. When she does eat, she eats only fried foods like French fries and hamburgers and refuses to eat fruits and vegetables. Samantha is Jennifer's friend at college. She is an athlete. She is a runner and a weight lifter. She is training for the Boston Marathon, her second marathon, that is three months away. She runs for an hour three days a week and on the weekends runs for longer distances. She also weight lifts three times a week in the gym. Samantha is very confident and is in the best shape of her life. She eats a lot of fruits, vegetables, and lean protein. She has very defined muscles and a low body fat percentage. Jennifer admires Samantha's discipline in exercise and healthy eating, but she resists exercising and eating well. She is afraid to become too muscular and develop a manly physique. Jennifer strives to look like a supermodel, not like an athlete. Samantha encourages Jennifer to go to the gym to weight lift with her but Jennifer refuses. Jennifer lacks motivation and is not interested in participating in ?masculine? activities like bodybuilding. After months of coercing, Samantha finally convinces Jennifer to go to the gym with her. Jennifer succumbs because she hopes to meet some hot guys at the gym. Samantha convinces Jennifer to go to the gym with her three days a week for six weeks. After that, if she does not like it, Samantha will never bother her again about taking up an exercise regime. When Jennifer arrives for the first time at the gym, she is surprised to see how many women are working out with weights. Half of the people weightlifting are women. Jennifer also observes that the majority of women have very feminine physiques. They are muscular, lean, and have very attractive figures. Jennifer was expecting to see very few women weightlifting. In addition, she expected those women to be very muscular and masculine looking.

Personal log

If you are a biologist interested in working in the tropical rainforest's, briefly describe a research study you could complete at each level in the biological hierarchy, starting from the organisms level to the biosphere. 2. What are the two biotic variables that dictate type of terrestrial bimbo? Do aquatic and marine systems rely on the same two variables? Why or why not? 3. Which of the terrestrial boomers Is the most vulnerable to anthropogenic (human) Influence and why?What Is being affected? 4. Create a table that lists the bimbo, biotic variables that are elevate, and examples of organisms that would reside there. 5. Why arena species all over the planet? What influences dispersal? 6. What is the value of describing populations using density, dispersion, and demographic information? Be specific and be sure to demonstrate your understanding of the terms. 7. What are the two mall population growth models? What organisms may follow those growth models? 8.What factors influence t he populations described in #6? How do density-dependent and density-independent factors play a role? Chapter 41 1 . What are the five mall types of Interspecies Interactions discussed In the chapter? Describe each. . When Interactions result In a negative outcome for one species (e. G. Parasitism, predation, herbivore), the species that is affected will typically have a response to prevent that negative outcome. Describe examples of how species respond to these effects. 3.How do invasive species affect the natural populations? 4. What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? 5. What type of ecosystems would likely demonstrate bottom-up control? Top-down control? Why? 6. Is ecological disturbance a bad thing? Why or why not? Give an example to support your answer. 7. How did MacArthur and Wilson demonstrate the connection between area and species richness & diversity? Chapter 42 1 . Why do ecologists need to understand the laws of thermodynamics? How do they apply to a n ecosystem? 2.How much energy Is being transferred for each atrophic level? 3. What is primary production? What limits primary production in aquatic ecosystems? Why is primary production so low in the open ocean? 4. Why can we say that biochemical cycles are nature's way of recycling? 5. List the inputs and outputs (to the atmosphere) of each of the following biochemical cycles: a. Water cycle b. Carbon cycle d. Phosphorus cycle Chapter 43 1. What are the three levels of biodiversity? Is one level more important to study than the others?Why or why not? 2. What are the threats to biodiversity? Describe specific examples of each. 3. Why are small populations at risk? Describe specific issues associated with small populations. 4. Should we preserve land in multiple small patches or one large patch (SOLOS theory – single large or several small)? Using your knowledge of landscape structure and biodiversity, how would you establish a protected area and why? 5. How does climate cha nge affect species diversity and distribution? 6. What do we mean by the term â€Å"sustainability'?

A Review of Nirvana for Sale by Rachelle M. Scoot Essay

Nirvana for Sale by Rachelle M. Scott is an anthropological investigation into the intersection of wealth and piety in Thailand Theravada Buddhism. Through ethnographic methods, the book seeks to describe this relationship in a historically situated context. Thus, the book is concerned with cultural praxis within the context of religious discourses about wealth and piety. As a piece of ethnography, the work is competent, but draws little attention to the classic anthropological methodology of participant observation, characterized by long-term engagement with local cultural practices. Instead the claims made are gathered through an analysis of publications and dialogues within the Thailand Buddhist community, mostly centered on a†¦show more content†¦Next Scott examines how this embracement of a modernist prosperity-gospel model of Buddhism becomes problematized within the socio-historical context of the Asian economic crisis of the late 1990s. After this, she expands the analysis looking at â€Å"the broader field of debate over the commercialization of Buddhism† and its commodification â€Å"as a product† as well as â€Å"the effects of consumerism on contemporary Thai society† (17). This is contextualized through an overview of the discourses of various â€Å"principle voices within this discussion† (17) such as Bhikkhu Buddhadasa, â€Å"a well known promoter of dhammic socialism. These diverse voices help to contextualize and complicate the discourse surrounding both the modernist prosperity Buddhism of Dhammakaya Buddhism through a post-modern commentary. It is this post-modern commentary that is the focus of the concluding chapter, in which she frames the commentary as a â€Å"rallying cry for religious reform† (17). Importantly, this work avoided a Marxist analysis of the commodification of religion such as is described by the Comaroffs. In doing so it avoids claims about authenticity that end up as essentializing Buddhism, and instead shows that it â€Å"is not a static entity; it is continuously created through space and time† (16). Another important epistemological consideration is Scott’s treatment of Orientalism and the rationalization of modern interpretations