Political or social issues Essay Example for Free

Political or social issues Essay Ethnocentrism refers to people’s habit of applying selfness in daily life activities by considering themselves just than others, pulling towards themselves and therefore make all judgments based on their own values, feelings, ideas, ideals, traditions and cultural practices. It is an aspect that brings issues of prejudices, hatred, ethnicity and stereotypic practices. On the other side, it strengthens and maintains belief structures and behaviors as well as creating rationale pride. It also creates personal volunteering spirit for one’s group or society aimed at collective benefits. The mostly realized effect of ethnocentrism is that it creates negative effects especially when it comes to communication and understanding one another. This is because people from different cultures have different opinions and perceptions when it comes to different issues in life such as cultural, political or social issues. It is therefore difficult for people to reach a consensus as everyone considers him/her right, thus misperceptions and misunderstandings (Felix, 2004). b. Explain the difference between individualistic cultures and collectivist cultures and your personal experiences with culture shock. Hofstede compared ethnocentrism American and Indian college students and came up with two major aspects which mostly deepened American’s student’s socio-cultural conformity. One of the aspects was individualistic culture, where a culture is developed to value oneself more than others and when it comes to a group; its members are considered more than non members. The other aspect was power distance dimension which mainly focused on societal equality and inequality. This is the view that high powered people are entitled to more privileges than the low powered. According to his research the above two aspects made America score 91% and India 48% of ethnocentrism in students. Collectivist culture is the culture in which benefit to all is the principle. It applies in countries or society where people value mutualism by caring for one another (Violet, 2001). Reference Felix, G. , (2004) Social Psychology. London, Blackwell Publishers Violet, T. , (2001) Sociological Theories and Approaches. West, CT, Praeger

The Robot in the Crib Essay Example for Free

The Robot in the Crib Essay 1) The background or motivation for the study, and the authors’ hypotheses or expectations. One’s life is the distance that one covers from the womb to the tomb. It is the mammoth journey, the joint efforts of about 500million sperm. They travel through the vagina, move to the uterus and reach the fallopian tube. Since sperm have a sense of smell, they smell their way to the egg. When egg and sperm merge and become one, conception takes place. ..And this is the beginning of enquiry, for a set of individuals that are outside the womb-the brain scientists/the developmental psychologists! The growth of two separate yet one consciousnesses, one growing within the other, is the marvel of nature, which is the concern of scientists for investigation. The actual study related to the subject of this article is the post-womb growth of the child, when it comes out after completing the nine month’s journey within. Research has revealed that human beings develop the capacity to understand other’s intentions during early in the first year of life. The developmental scientists lay emphasis of the brilliance of little minds and caution not to underestimate the brain capacity of the babies. It has been observed that the newborn babies, 42 minute old, imitate facial expressions. Stick your tongue out and see that the baby sticking its tongue out. This behavior is the pointer to something intense and deep within. The baby knows more than what you imagine it to know. Why and how the infants behave the way they do? Will roboticsts be able to match and reproduce the movements and talents related to various expressions of infants accurately? This is the prime motivation for research by the Developmental Psychologists. 2) A brief description of the participants, procedure, and methods: What is fundamental to human thought is the ability to read the intentions of other people. Not the physical motions involved, but the goals or intentions that cause these motions are important. Initially, infants’ action is that of grasping. Secondly even when the baby does not physically act on, it has the foundation for understanding when others attend to objects. To cite an example, when a person opens the lid of a box, the baby becomes aware that the goal is not the box, but the object inside the box. Further developments will provide the foundation, the initiative to learn from their caregivers. During the second year, children adopt critical abilities, like language, culturally appropriate behavior etc. They constantly observe the adults and try to emulate them. â€Å"Developmental psychologists have dedicated significant effort to studying the developmental progression of infant imitation skills, because imitation underlies the infant’s ability to understand and learn from his or her social environment.†(Demirisa†¦.) This has been an ideal issue for the roboticsts to intervene and make efforts to equip robots with the ability to observe and emulate human actions. The abilities acquired thus, will equip robots to observe and imitate human actions, paving way for rapid teaching of robots to perform specified tasks. Therefore the analysis relates two fronts. â€Å": (a) initial conditions what is innate in infants, and what functionality is initially given to robots, and (b) Developmental mechanism how does the performance of infants improve over time, and what mechanisms are given to robots to achieve equivalent behavior.†(Demirisa†¦.) The Development of Inverse and Forward Models is another set of model that makes detailed study of infant responses vs. their application in the science of roboticsts, but the child always proves smarter and leaves the robot stranded. Another important theory is the Emotion Theory. Here the mechanism employed is to give the robot with rich, recurring enforcement through emotive channels of communication. This theory offers explanations and possible solutions to the associated questions like how the robot can learn to associate the emotive content on the caretaker’s face with immediate stimulus conditions and action. 3) The main results and important points in the authors’ discussion. The important points in the author’s discussion are the Nature vs. the Nature debate in the natural sciences. The simple tasks performed by the child are very complex from the point t of view of getting them done through robot. It is unanimously agreed that tabula rasa algorithms for robot learning are not going to provide the desired results. It is not practicable to pre-impose designer’s own conceptions on the control structure of robot. â€Å"Imitation, which is seen as a fundamental avenue of learning in humans has been proposed as a promising method for a compromise between the two approaches. The robot architecture is designed to adapt in order to benefit from other agents’ knowledge; imitation can be used as a mechanism of learning for the robot in human and robot societies.†(Demirisa†¦)Human infants are the subject of study by the developmental scientists for more than a century, by observation and experimental techniques. Their issue was simple and direct. With what capabilities the infants are born and how these develop over the period with experience and time. Imitation is one of the important factors. Soon the infants transcend the imitate-the-actions stage and grasp the underlying intentions and goals of demonstrators. Developmental studies of infant imitation skills are the foundation for roboticsts new algorithms. It provides the method for transferring skills from humans to robots 4) In addition, you are required to provide your OWN critique (and not one that was provided by the author/s), which may include problems with any aspect of the study (and how these problems/issues can be addressed), and/or suggestions for future research (if you are suggesting a future study, try to be as specific as possible). Robotics has made tremendous strides but there can never be a perfect robot of an infant. Many things can be achieved, there can be a good robot, but the ultimate robot will never be commissioned. For, robot is the mind product, and the infant is beyond-the-mind product. The knowledge of the robot is pre-programmed, but not that of infants. The comparison between infants and the related robots is as good as comparing the original currency with the devalued currency if not the duplicate one. The infants’ situation is mostly unclear and unpredictable. Infants do observe others to get some of their goals. But they also act with their own intuition and inspiration and perform random acts, which baffle their elders. They have their own special source, the incomparable one, of motivation, for which no precedent exists. So, the original question remains the original question! There can never be a complete robot—but all infants are complete. Every infant is original. For its response follows a pattern known only to it. It has no precedents. Model-based approach to the issue will continue to be researched and modified and the state of finality and perfection can never be reached. Developmental psychology, however, offers infinite possibilities for study and research. The infants are integrated personalities-their traits are that of Commander and soldiers integrated into one. In the role of a commander, the infant will assert its wish, as a soldier will exhibit discipline by obeying the command. This is an unpredictable issue and that is the problem of robticsts, which eludes the solution so far. New issues surface. For example, hierarchical formulations have been proposed and used. This is an interesting area for research with limitless possibilities. The technological advancement and the impact of the TV culture is going to affect the infant responses and the robot designers need to do overtime, to study and understand the implications. Infant development is an extraordinary process, as for brain and behavior. It is the culmination of thousands of experiences each day that happen—their intensity increases as babies move independently and explore their own world. The actions and functions of the robots can only be consequential.

Software Quality Requirement Analysis on Educational Game

Software Quality Requirement Analysis on Educational Game Software Quality Requirement Analysis on Educational Mobile Game with Tourism Theme Anggy Trisnadoli1*, Istianah Muslim2, Wenda Novayani3 Abstract: Mobile game is one type of game that runs on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet PCs. In previous research, we have proposed quality model for mobile game which is a quality model that was built to measure quality from mobile games. This model was built from quality requirements that were analyzed for mobile games. Educational mobile game is education game genre with mobile based that aimed to learning, then the quality requirements maybe will different compared to other games. This research was conducted by analyzing the mobile games quality requirements that specific for educational games genre in order to generate new quality requirements that are specific to the mobile educational game. The case studies that become an evaluation of current research are the tourism of Riau province, Indonesia. So the mobile educational game that will design later is a mobile educational game that contains about tourism in Riau province. To get a list of criteria for this case, then we conducted a survey of several users, and also formed a group discussion forum along with a tourism ambassador of Riau province, so that the quality requirements will be more reliable. So the proposed quality requirements may become a reference to build a game product that has a good quality based on the users perspective. Keywords: Software quality, games, mobile games, educational mobile games, tourism, Riau province. Game is a system composed of artificial rules that involve players with the aim to entertain [1] [2]. Game contains scenarios that composed of a collection of audio and visual interest that allows users to enjoy game play that has been given by the game. By the unique characteristics game compared to other software, then, there are many things that do more specific, special for the games. Quality model for mobile game is one of the quality models that were built to measure the quality of the mobile games [3]. This model was built based play ability quality models built by Sà ¡nchez et al [4] and adapted to the quality requirements for mobile games [3]. In its application this quality model used to measure the quality of a users perspective, so that measurements can be made after the game finished mobile products developed. In designing an educational game, it must be guided by a good reference. Quality assurance can be done starting of the development stage, the design stage. Quality models for the mobile game offers a collection of properties that indicate the needs of a mobile game quality, so that the quality requirements can be used as a reference in building a good mobile game. However, that offered quality requirement is built for the mobile game in general, while the mobile educational game is a genre the mobile game with educational or learning, so that the quality requirements could have a few differences. Based on these problems, so, in this research we performed an analysis of the mobile games quality requirements that are specific to the educational games genre, to be able to produce a game product that has fit quality of the quality requirements based on the users perspective. As for the issues that will be studied in this paper are does requirements for a quality mobile game can be used as a reference in the design stage of development the mobile educational games. And how far the relationship of quality requirements for mobile game required to Mobile Educational Games with Tourism content of the users perspective to be able produce a good quality product. 2.1. Quality Requirement for Mobile Game In 2015, research on the quality model for mobile games has been conducted by Trisnadoli, Hendradjaya and Sunindyo [2] entitled A Proposal Quality Model for Mobile Games. Quality Model for Mobile Game was formed based on the software quality requirements that has been compiled based on the criteria and ideas from several researches on mobile games [3]. The proposed model has quality factors as shown on Fig. 1. Fig. 1. Quality Model for Mobile Games [2] Factors and sub factors for the quality of the quality model for mobile games that have been proposed are Usability In Use with sub factors Effectiveness In Use, Efficiency In Use, Satisfaction. Then Flexibility In Use with sub factor Accessibility. And Safety with subfactor User Health Safety Table 1. Quality Requirements for Mobile Games [3] No Quality Requirements for Mobile Games 1 Game gives a clear goal and a player can achieve goal 2 Players do not find any error in the game 3 Game can be played in a short time 4 Game easy to understand by players 5 Game has a manual (help feature) 6 Control of the game has been consistently in according with the standards 7 Games provide an appropriate response to the action of Players 8 Challenges, strategies and the steps of the game are already balanced 9 Screen layout is comfortable to be seen 10 Audio of the game was comfortable and supportive with a good game 11 Mobile devices and game interface are already suitable and appropriate 12 The experience of playing is Fun 13 Players get the appropriate reward 14 Storyline or scenario of the game is interesting 15 Players can express themselves 16 No repetition that make the game boring 17 Game control is appropriate and flexible 18 Game can accommodate the surrounding environment 19 Game supports multiple ways to play 20 Players are not affected on safety and health issues Mobile game is defined as a game played on a mobile platform-based devices are expected to increase the entertainment on the users mobile device. Mobile devices that can be applied to mobile game such as Smartphones, PDAs, Tablet PCs and Portable Game Console. Mobile game is highly dependent on the device that became his home [5]. Based on the characteristics of mobile games and mobile applications presented by several researchers [6]-[11] then performed an analysis of the characteristics and then were extracted to produce set of quality requirements are been the foundation of building a quality requirement that will be used. After conducting an analysis of data that has been collected, so, the conclusion of proposed quality requirements for mobile game can be seen in Table I. 2.2. Educational Game Genre Characteristics According to Sugihartono [12], educating means the process of changing the attitudes and behavior of a person or group with a mature effort with teaching and training efforts. Education can be obtained for both formal and informal. Formal education was obtained from a structured learning that has been designed by an institution. While the non-formal education is the knowledge gained humans in everyday life either experienced or learned from others. One way to learn with non-formal system is by educational game. Educational games are games that are designed or created to stimulate thought include improving concentration and problem-solving [13]. YM Harahap on [14] concluded that the educational game is one of the games that can be useful to support the teaching and learning process with more fun and more creative, and usable to provide teaching or increase user knowledge by an exciting media. According to Hurd and Jennings [15] declared that educational game is game that is specifically designed to teach user a certain learning, concept development and understanding and guide them in their ability to train and motivate them to play. Factors that are considered necessary in developing educational game are usability, accuracy, appropriateness, Relevance, Objectiveness, Feedback, Engagement, Motivation, and Gaming Literacy. Dondlinger [16], said that a number of distinct design elements on educational games are narrative context, rules, goals, rewards, multisensory cues, and interactivity seem necessary to stimulate desired learning outcomes. And a few other things about the characteristics of the educational game are Challenging, Fun, and Excitement not patronizing and based on experience, interactive, expertise, reflection. Determination of the quality requirements of mobile educational games, we perform an analysis based on various sources of quality requirements, such as the quality requirements that have been offered by previous researchers then combine from survey results that conducted on some respondents, while also using the functional requirements of mobile educational game stakeholders for tourism in Riau province. So that, the proposed quality requirements can become a reference in developing mobile educational game with good quality.   Ã‚   3.1. Quality Requirements for Mobile Educational Game based on Users Perspective In determining the quality requirements of mobile games from the users perspective, data collection or surveys conducted to several respondents randomly. Respondents, who being questioned are derived from various professions, age, sex, and excitement in playing the games. The stuff to consider in conducting a survey on software quality requirements analysis for mobile games are The comfort of audio and visual, Interest on the storyline, Satisfaction in playing, the comfort using control game, Screen size of mobile devices, Addictive (the desire to repeat the game). Survey of users was conducted in the form of an interview. Selection of respondents by random sampling method is applied to 130 people with different backgrounds, but still has an interest in using games on mobile devices. The interview results are then analyzed and processed by concluding and verification of data obtained. Table II is the result of the conclusions of the quality requirements of mobile games based on the users perspective. Table 2. Survey Result on Requirements from Users Perspective No Indicator Requirements 1 The comfort of audio and visual Mobile game should be good appearance The layout that is used comfortably viewed Color usage harmonious and good 2. Game Controller The buttons position is appropriate The controller usage is simple 3 Storyline Game characters are Interesting Scenario of the games are not boring The desire to repeat the game again and again Based on data that shown in Table II, and after calculation of the number of respondents who give a positive statement on the list of requirements, so the number was created in the percentage as shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 2. Survey result on requirements from users perspective by percentage 3.2. The results of the Forum Group Discussion for Riau Province Tourism Case Study Forum Group Discussion (FGD) was conducted to get a conclusion for the criteria that are required to build a mobile educational game with a case study of tourism on Riau province. This activity was attended by 35 participants that were an ambassador for tourism in Riau province. Discussions were held during few hours, then, closed with some results which can be seen in Table III. Table 3. FGD Result to Mobile Educational Game Criteria No Indicators Criterias 1 Interface Attractive appearance (eye catchy) 2 The color usage is comfortably viewed 3 Audio comfortable to hear 4 Storyline Interesting storyline or game play 5 Not boring 6 Addiction (wanted to play again-and again) 7 Education Contents Simple but meaningful Growing a curiosity From the discussion we get conclude that the most important content in game tourism theme are Arts, Tourist Attraction and Folklore. Arts with Traditional Dance, Songs and Musical Instrument. Tourist Attraction with Nature and Historical Heritage. Folklore with Legend and Fairy Tales. Table III shows the various technical criteria to be considered in the development of an interesting mobile educational game. In order to build a mobile educational game on tourism sector, there are several things to consider such as the content, simple but meaningful and interesting, and dont forget to contain about Malay art and culture, because it is a hallmark from Riau Province. As for the interface of this educational game, the things to consider are the attractive appearance, the use of color that comfortable to look at and pleasant sound to be heard. After discovering the things that become important considerations in the requirement of mobile games, educational games, also the requirement for mobile game with tourism content, then formed a new calculation to show the overlapping and interrelated requirements to be good quality requirements as a reference in designing a mobile-based game with education genre and tourism case study in Riau province. The results of the analysis are shown in Table IV. Table 4. Mapping of Quality Requirements for Mobile Educational Games with Tourism Theme Requirements Quality Requirements for Mobile Games [3] Previous Research on Educational Game Survey Result from Users Perspective FGD Result on Educational Game on Tourism Game provides a clear goals à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Game is easy to understand à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Game can be played in a short time à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Game have complete features à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Control of the game has been consistently in according with the standards à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Screen layout is comfortable to be seen à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Audio of the game was comfortable and supportive with a good game à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ The mobile device screen is appropriate to the game à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ The experience of playing is Fun à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Storyline or scenario of the game is interesting à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ No repetition that make the game boring à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Game control is appropriate and flexible à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Players gain knowledge from the game à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Game is simple but meaningful à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Content on tourism must be update à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Language usage appropriate to target of player à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Having educate messages behind the entertainment given à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Based on that Table IV, indicated that some requirements are actually owned by all sources are used, but there are some requirements that are not discussed on several sources. Especially the contents of tourism that it only required if the specific case study towards the tourism sector, would be an important thing for the preparation of quality requirements. Based on all the stages that have been done before, and then we analyze it to propose a new quality requirement. Proposed quality requirements for mobile educational game that specific to tourism case study are show on Table V. It contains the proposed quality requirements for mobile educational game with a case study of tourism. So in designing and developing mobile educational game later, these quality requirements can become one of factor to be good quality software. Because of the good quality software is start from the design stage, not only during the implementation or development, even when they are published to the user. Table 5. Proposed Quality Requirements for Mobile Educational Games with Tourism Case Study No. Quality Requirements 1 Game provides a clear goals 2 Game is easy to understand 3 Game can be played in a short time 4 Game have complete features 5 Control of the game has been consistently in according with the standards 6 Screen layout is comfortable to be seen 7 Audio of the game was comfortable and supportive with a good game 8 The mobile device screen is appropriate to the game 9 The experience of playing is Fun 10 Storyline or scenario of the game is interesting 11 No repetition that make the game boring 12 Game control is appropriate and flexible 13 Players gain knowledge from the game 14 Game is simple but meaningful 15 Content on tourism must be update 16 Language usage appropriate to target of player 17 Having educate messages behind the entertainment given Based on the analysis and evaluation, the conclusions of this research are software quality requirements especially in the game are heavily dependent on type and case studies that will be develop. Software quality requirements can be composed of any various kinds of input, not only from the existing criteria, but also can be collected based on user feedback and the specific requirements of stakeholders that will use the software. Quality requirements for mobile educational game on tourism case studies has been built specifically based on the criteria that collected to build a good quality software. The proposed quality requirements can become a reference in building software educational game design since the beginning, so the quality of mobile educational games already maintained earlier. For future research, the proposed quality requirements should be performed a validation testing on the feasibility, so that it can be more confirmed as good quality requirements. And the proposed quality requirement can be a reference to build a quality model with specific quality factors and complete metrics to evaluate the mobile educational game software, so it can measure how much the quality value of a mobile educational game in tourism theme. Acknowledgment We would like to thank to Politeknik Caltex Riau to Support this research, also to Riau Province and Pekanbaru Citys Tourism Ambassadors Bujang-Dara to help us with very generous discussion and feedback. References Clearwater, D. A. (2011). What defines video game genre? Thinking about genre study after the great divide. The Journal of the Canadian Game Studies Association, 5(8). Trisnadoli, A., Hendradjaya, B., Danar, S. W. (2015). A proposal of quality model for mobile games. In ICEEI 2015 International Conference. IEEE. Trisnadoli, A. (2015). Software quality requirement analysist on mobile game based software (Analisis kebutuhan kualitas perangkat lunak pada software game berbasis mobile). Journal of Applied Computer (Jurnal Komputer Terapan), 1 (2). Sà ¡nchez, J. G., Simarro, F. M., Zea, N. P., Vela, F. G. (2009). Playability as extension of quality in use in video games. Proceedings of 2nd International Workshop on the Interplay between Usability Evaluation and Software Development (I-USED). Ponnada, A., Kannan, A. (2012). Evaluation of mobile games using playability heuristics. Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (pp. 244-247). ACM. Hussain, A., Kutar, M. (2008). Usability metric framework for mobile phone application. In Conference Information Integration and Web-based Applications Services. ACM. Jeong, E. J., Kim., J. (2009). Definitions, key characteristics, and generations of mobile games. Mobile Computing: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications. Monash University Korhonen, H., Koivisto, E. (2006). Playability heuristic for mobile game. Proceedings of the 8th conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services. ACM. Nantes, A., Brown, R., Maire, F. (2008). A framework for the semi-automatic testing of video games. In AIIDE. Nayebi, F., Desharnais, J. M., Abran, A. (2012). The state of the art of mobile application usability evaluation. Proceedings of 25th IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (pp. 1-4).IEEE. Salmre, I. (2005). Writing mobile code: Essential software engineering for building mobile applications. Addison-Wesley Professional. Sugihartono, Fathiyah, K. N., Setiawati, F. A., Harahap, F., Nurhayati, S. R. (2007). Psychology of Education (Psikologi Pendidikan). UNY Press. Handriyantini, E. (2009). Computer Based Educational games for Elementary Student (Permainan edukatif berbasis komputer untuk siswa sekolah dasar). Malang: Journal of STIKOM Indonesia (Jurnal STIKOM Indonesia). Harahap, Y. M. (2015). Design of Educational Game as a Learning Media for Preschool Children with Adobe Flash CS 5. SP (Perancangan Game Edukatif Sebagai Media Pembelajaran Pada Anak Usia Dini Dengan Adobe Flash CS 5. SP) Mathematics, USU. Hurd, D., Jennings, E. (2009). Standardized Educational Games Ratings: Suggested Criteria. Scientific Paper. Dondlinger, M. J. (2007). Educational video game design: A review of the literature. Journal of applied educational technology, 4(1), 21-31. Authors biographies Anggy Trisnadoli obtained his B.Sc. degree in Informatics Engineering from Politeknik Caltex Riau in 2011, a M.Sc. also in Informatics Magister from Bandung Institute of Technology in 2015. He has worked as a lecturer in Politeknik Caltex Riau from 2012. Currently, he is lecturing in Information System, Computer Department of Politeknik Caltex Riau, Indonesia. His research interests are in games, mobile application, 3D Animation and Multimedia Software. His email address is [emailprotected] Istianah Muslim is a lecturer in Information System Department in Politeknik Caltex Riau. She received her Master of Industrial Engineering from Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember in 2013. Her research interests are in the area of human factor, ergonomic, safety and health, supply chain management, production planning and Design Product. Her email address is [emailprotected] Wenda Novayani is a lecturer in Computer Engginering Department in Politeknik Caltex Riau. She received her diploma degree in Computer Engginering from Politeknik Caltex Riau in 2006 and B.Sc degree in Electrical Engginering from Intitute Teknologi Bandung in 2013.

Graduation Speech: This is the Beginning :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

At times it may have been extremely difficult for some of us to predict where we would be today, but now we can embark upon our goals and congratulate ourselves for always striving to conquer our missions. No longer do we need to reminisce about what we were unable to accomplish - for we have accomplished the first step in our education. Sugar Lake High School is not an ordinary high school. When you step onto the campus the atmosphere of open-mindedness and kindness is overwhelming. Every senior has a struggle or story that brought him or her to Sugar . Being able to interact with your peers and knowing that your fellow seniors are willing to open their heart to you is what has bonded the unique class of 2006 together. Personally, if it wasn't for the sincere relationships I was able to create and open upon my Sugar senior friends I may not be standing here today. For their overwhelming support and love I thank them all. Though we all probably have our so-called teacher horror stories, in our hearts we know that without Sugar's dedicated staff we would have been left in the dust. What makes Sugar's staff so sincere is its ability to gain relationships with its students. How many teachers are willing to call you before class to make sure you are awake or well, are willing to contract other work with you in order for you to graduate, purchases coffee and snacks for their students just because they are there early in the morning, and will allow for you to openly speak your mind without being hesitant to listen - these teachers can only be found at Sugar! Although the staff at Sugar has been major contributors to our educational, physical, and emotional developments, our parents were also major influences on our lives. We all owe our drive for success and our abilities to overcome struggles to our parents.

Tradition in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily and Shirley Jacksons

Tradition in William Faulkner's A Rose for Emily and Shirley Jackson's The Lottery People throughout the world do things for many different reasons. Religion, peer pressure, or tradition are some of the reasons the people do things. In the U.S. we have many traditions such as Christmas. Some people have strange or out of the ordinary traditions. The two short stories ?The Lottery? and ?A Rose for Emily? both portray tradition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In ?The Lottery?, tradition is showed in three main ways. First, Old Man Warner says, ?there has always been a lottery (Jackson 11).? The town people accept The Lottery because there has always been a lottery. The older people in the town such as Old Man Warner keep the tradition alive with their ideals. Second, The Lottery is held every year. Tradition is upheld in this way because it introduces the younger generation to the tradition. This shows that the lottery is a tradition because traditions happen over and over again. Lastly, tradition is shown with the parifanilia used in the story of ?The Lottery?. The black box used to draw names is a duplicate of the original. The black box is a symbol of what was in the years past.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In ?A Rose for Emily?, tradition is also shown in three main ways. First, Emily does not get courted by anyone. This would not seem to be a normal tradition but in the story her father did not want Emily to become involved with anyone. Emily?s father was not following tradition when doing this because normal t...

Too Close For Comfort :: essays research papers

Too Close For Comfort   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this case study, the ethical dilemma is â€Å"individual versus community.† Debra Borchert is bothered by Jerry who is a developmentally delayed. He is following her and bumping into her and making her feel uncomfortable. Debra’s difficult decision is whether or not to tell the manager Jerry is bothering her, risking getting him fired, and also risking the store not hiring anymore mentally challenged kids. Jerry also might not get hired anywhere else; the job at the grocery store was a good one for him. Debra’s brothers were very similar to Jerry, and she wished they could be able to have jobs just like Jerry so that is another reason why she didn’t want to complain. On the other hand it would be a good idea to tell the manager something because she feels uncomfortable, and she should think about herself before being concerned with what is going to happen to Jerry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An example in the case study where Debra feels like she wants to tell the manager that she is bothered by Jerry is when he is following her, stepping on her foot in line, and bumping in to her. She knows he is challenged and probably doesn’t mean any harm, but she feels she has no choice but to say something.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another example of when she feels like she should tell the manager is later on the case study when she feels like Jerry forgot about her; however he comes over from a different register just to help her with her bags. To keep away from him she used the cart as a border so she had something between her and him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the other hand, as an example of why she thought she shouldn’t complain is because as I said before in the thesis statement. She doesn’t want to make the mistake of ruining other developmentally challenged kids chances of getting jobs. She feels that she should probably just put up with it and go on with her life. Especially because her brother has a very similar disease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion to my thoughts on this case study, I think that Debra choosing not to say anything was a good idea. I think she did the right thing by just trying to avoid Jerry because getting him in trouble would only make it worse for him and her.

Big business affects public relations ethics Essay

Big business today affects public relation ethics. â€Å"U. S. corporations devote hundreds of millions of dollars annually to ? public relations in order to create goodwill for themselves. A major public ? relations goal is to make people believe that an organization exerts a ? positive and desirable force in society. This process is called image building; ideally, it creates credibility. † (Blohowiak 1987) There are two reasons regarding the deterioration of public relation ethics. First, people are driven by self gaining attitude. Second, because of the self- gain mentality, people treat costumers or the â€Å"other† as only an object or a means to achieve their desire. Individual’s self gain has been one of the strongest considerations of a man in indulging himself to a business or corporation. It is always automatic that man will seek for gain in any undertaking. Man desires for material things in life and is always in constant act of assimilating these things. This assimilation contributes to the malady of the business world today. Because of this drive of man to gain, man, most of the time is on a self- centered mode. Man is likely not to consider others in order to achieve his desires. He does not consider what ethical means to be done in order to achieve his goal rather, seeing only means that can contribute to his gain. Man becomes glued by the desire to gain. Instead of a brotherly relationship with a co- employee or a client, the relationship becomes just a functional relationship because people see each other as only a means to a desired end. They interact only by means of functions and with the reason of only accomplishing something. The relationship becomes an objective relationship and that they don’t care to other employees and costumers. The â€Å"I† and â€Å"thou† relationship is no where to be found. Customers and other employees are treated up objects. They are not recognized as also beings with human dignity. People in doing business do not look at the welfare of the â€Å"other† and becomes glued with self centeredness. Because of self gain which gives birth to treating others as only objects of their desire, the public relations ethics deteriorates. The business world today is full of deception that a lot of cases and dilemmas have been produced. People does not give emphasis on the quality of service they render instead their emphasis is on the amount of profit they will get from every transaction. Money becomes the criteria of doing business and of everything. The true meaning of inter human relationship vanishes. People do away from the very essence of it. They find meaning in assimilating material things which is a true deviation from their essence. Their essence as social being is to treat others as subjects, as beings with human dignity. People also deviate from the will of God because the will of God dictates that they must treat others with respect and love. God wants people to have a harmonious inter human relationship. It makes Him sad to see people using other people just to satisfy caprices. Greed becomes the theme of the business world today and great virtues and values are hard to find. The drive of man for self gain is very strong. It is very difficult to overcome. This is the reason why we have a deteriorating public relations ethics. People seem to care for the assimilation of money and nothing else. Material possessions drew people’s attention and they become fixated with it. Even in a lifetime, it is very difficult nowadays to detach from this sad reality of our existence. Life in the business world is always a tale of thinking to do what’s right and thinking to do what is beneficial to one’s self, very hard but interesting battle that every people is facing. With big business processing big investments for big profits, big business executives will not think twice in manipulating public relations activities to make the picture suit their interests over other competitiors.